{"id":401,"date":"2020-09-02T09:34:05","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T09:34:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/?p=401"},"modified":"2021-04-28T10:56:29","modified_gmt":"2021-04-28T10:56:29","slug":"house-environment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/zh-hant\/house-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"House environment"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Hen thermo regulation<\/h2>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">\n<h3>Convection<\/h3>\n<p>Heat loss occurs due to the movement of the air<br \/>\nwhich permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air.<br \/>\nThis process can be promoted by providing fast air movement around the hen.<\/p>\n<h3>Conduction<\/h3>\n<p>Heat transfer from surface to surface. Normally,<br \/>\nit is relatively unimportant as the contact surface is small<br \/>\nand the temperature of the litter or of the cage is not signi\ufb01cantly<br \/>\ndifferent from the body temperature.<\/p>\n<h3>Radiation<\/h3>\n<p>This is the transmission of heat from a warm object to a cold one.<br \/>\nHeat loss is proportional to the temperature difference between the<br \/>\nbody surface and the surrounding air.<\/p>\n<h3>Evaporation<\/h3>\n<p>Birds use evaporation to stabilize their body temperature by increasing<br \/>\nthe respiration rate through panting, which is very effective.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f1.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce20\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f2.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Temperature<\/h2>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">The ambient temperature has a great influence on egg production.<br \/>\nLayers perform well over a wide range of temperatures.<br \/>\nTemperature fluctuations between 21 \u00b0C and 27 \u00b0C<br \/>\n(69.8 \u00b0F and 80.6 \u00b0F) have a minimal effect on egg production, egg size and <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/egg-quality\/\">shell quality<\/a>.<br \/>\nFeed conversion improves with higher house temperatures, and maximum e\ufb03ciency is attained in the 21\u201327 \u00b0C (69.8\u2013 80.6 \u00b0F) range.<br \/>\nAs the temperature rises, however, the following parameters could be affected:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Feed intake<\/li>\n<li>Egg weight<\/li>\n<li>Egg production<\/li>\n<li>Eggshell quality<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/bird-assessment\/#mortality\">Mortality<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A uniform temperature throughout the house is very important.<br \/>\nGood ventilation management and <span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;Thermal insulation&lt;\/strong&gt;: is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation is achieved in the houses of the hens by engineered methods and suitable materials.<\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> thermal insulation <\/span> should help<br \/>\nto reduce or eliminate temperature variations, specially between day and night.<\/p>\n<p>The temperature should not be seen as an isolated<br \/>\nparameter but always considered in combination with humidity.<br \/>\nIn addition,<span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;Air speed&lt;\/strong&gt;: it needs to be meassured at the level of the birds with an special machine that it will give us the value. This value together with temperature and humidity will give us the effective temperature for the birds.<\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> air speed <\/span>  is also an important element of the perceived ambient temperature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f3.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f6.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"smtxt center\">Temperature always has a height gradient.<br \/>\nCareful consideration should be taken in cage systems.<br \/>\nCourtesy of M. Czarick \u2013 UGA<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f6.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"smtxt center\">Roof insulation is the corner stone for a correct<br \/>\nhouse temperature and ventilation in hot or cold weather.<br \/>\nCourtesy of M. Czarick \u2013 UGA<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f8.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"smtxt center\">Fans or windows don&#8217;t have the same insulation capacity as the walls.<br \/>\nThey can create uncomfortable areas for the birds.<br \/>\nCourtesy of M. Czarick \u2013 UGA<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"hot\">Hot climate<\/h2>\n<p>High temperatures, especially over a long period, can cause serious losses to the poultry farmer. The effects of heat stress are delayed <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/onset-of-production-18-25-weeks\/\">onset of lay<\/a>, lower performance, decreased feed intake and increased mortality. Therefore, to minimize \ufb01nancial losses, every effort should be made to maintain an ambient temperature in the house that is within the bird\u2019s comfort zone. If this is not possible, corrective measure should be taken:<\/p>\n<h3>Ventilation<\/h3>\n<p>The ventilation system should be checked before the hot weather arrives. Fans should be cleaned and fan belts should be tightened and replaced if necessary. The inlets must be adequate to supply the air \ufb02ow needed, they should be clean and not obstruct the \ufb02ow of the incoming air. Tunnel ventilation and cooling pads are the preferred ventilation system. It is advised to check and update climat computer, fans, inlets, sensors every year.<\/p>\n<h3>Low stocking density<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/transfer-15-18-weeks\/#space\">stocking density<\/a> should be in accordance with the environmental conditions. If the housing density is too high, the radiant heat between the birds will accumulate, the temperature will increase and air will be prevented from circulating around the birds properly. There should be enough space for the birds to separate in order to pant and droop and slightly lift their wings away from the body to maximize responsible heat loss.<\/p>\n<h3>Quality water<\/h3>\n<p>When birds are heat stressed, they increase their consumption of water in an effort to cool down. The ratio of water to feed increases from 2:1 under normal conditions to over 5:1 under hot conditions. Cool water of good quality should be supplied so that birds can \ufb01nd relief from the heat. To ensure that all the birds have access to water, provide a minimum of one cup or nipple drinker at the cage partition or 2.5 cm of water trough per bird.<\/p>\n<h3>Feeding times<\/h3>\n<p>Do not feed at the hottest time of the day. A good strategy is to withhold feed \ufb01ve to eight hours prior to the anticipated time of peak temperature. Feeder chains should be run frequently to stimulate feed intake. The feeder should remain at a <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/production-period-25-100-weeks\/\">low feed level<\/a> for about one hour per day in the afternoon, to promote a better appetite and ensure that the \ufb01ne particles are consumed, which usually consist of minerals, vitamins and amino acids. To increase feed consumption, a mid- night snack can be implemented.<\/p>\n<h3>Feed formulation<\/h3>\n<p>Since feed intake is reduced during hot weather periods, the general feeding approach is to increase the <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/nutrition\/#Nutrient_requirements\">energy<\/a> content in the feed to keep daily energy intake at the level necessary for optimum performance under these conditions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f10.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"smtxt center\">Shapes in open house<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f11.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"smtxt center\">Fans<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f12.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"smtxt center\">INlets<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f13.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"smtxt center\">Water reservoir<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce20\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f9.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Quality_water\">Water quality<\/h2>\n<p>Water is the most important and critical nutrient for hens. Any water deprivation will directly impact feed consumption and production. If deprivation exceed 24 hours, egg production will be severely affected. If privation exceed 48 hours, high mortality will occur in the \ufb02ock. It is therefore essential to provide a good quality, stable and reliable source of water. Better still, ensure there are two water sources.<\/p>\n<h3>Microbiological quality<\/h3>\n<p>Water can act as a disease carrier if it is contaminated at the source. Moreover, a poor microbiological quality of water can affect gut health and lead to pathologic issues that affect production. The microbiological quality at the water source should be monitored and samples should be taken at least once per year. This is even more important if water comes from surface sources. Even if the water source is of excellent quality, chlorination or an alternative treatment is highly recommended. Treatment of surface water is compulsory.<\/p>\n<h3>Physical quality<\/h3>\n<p>The content of minerals and other elements can greatly impact egg production and hen health. Even if corrective measures can be taken, it is very di\ufb03cult and expensive to alter the chemical characteristics of water. A good quality water source is a huge advantage when a new farm is under construction. The physical and chemical water quality must be monitored and samples taken at least every year.<\/p>\n<h3>Refusing water<\/h3>\n<p>In some cases, hens can refuse water. This situation is the same as water deprivation:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Temperature: hens will decrease their water consumption when water is above 24 C, but will refuse it above 32 \u00b0C<\/li>\n<li>Taste: hens do not have a very developed sense of taste but will refuse to drink water with a unpleasant taste. Some water additives or antibiotics can produce this effect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"narrow\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce45 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f16.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f17.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\n<div class=\"smtxt\">Water chlorination station<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f14.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"ventilation\">Air quality<\/h2>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">\n<p>Good air quality should be guaranteed in the house by using proper ventilation, so there is a low concentration of gases and dust. At the same time, the temperature in the house should be optimally maintained between 18 \u2013 20 \u00b0C with a relative humidity of 50 \u2013 60 %.The rate of ventilation is determined by the temperature, however when this parameter is reached a minimum ventilation level must be guaranteed. This minimum is normally calculated in m&amp;\/body weight\/hour but the real aim is the correct management of these parameters:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Relative humidity<\/li>\n<li>CO<sub>2<\/sub> less than 5000 ppm<\/li>\n<li>CO<sub>2<\/sub> less than 50 ppm<\/li>\n<li>NH<sub>3<\/sub> less than 25 ppm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f18.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Light<\/h2>\n<div class=\"col\">Birds vision differs from that of humans in vision spectra. Hens can see ultraviolet and infrared light.<br \/>\nThis fact should be considered when creating light programs and the light color choice.<br \/>\nHens need proper light with an adequate light intensity and the correct photoperiod.<br \/>\nThe best source of light for production is a high frequency (&gt; 2,000Hz) bulb emitting light within the warm color spectrum (2,500\u20133,500 K).<br \/>\nLow frequency \ufb02uorescent tubes or energy saving bulbs (50\u2013100 Hz) have a strobe light effect on hens and encourage feather pecking and cannibalism.<br \/>\nIn addition, hens can see perfectly in a low light intensity environment.<br \/>\nLight intensity will vary during the different production stages but keep in mind that the higher the light intensity, the more active the hens will be.<br \/>\nIt can be positive (as in the case of brood- ing) or negative (as in the case of cannibal- ism during laying). In any case, light intensity variation during the day should be avoided as it can cause high stress level in the hens.<br \/>\nDirect sunlight should also be avoided for the same reason.<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/house\/f15.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--\n\n\n<div class=\"mychart\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n \t\n\n<li>Temperature has a critical impact and must be well managed to achieve good\nproduction.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>In warm weather, take corrective measures to reduce the impact of temperature.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>Water is a key nutrient. Ensure that a good quality water supply is accessible to the hens.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>Maintain good air quality and distribution through correct ventilation.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>Remember that light significantly impacts hen behaviour.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hen thermo regulation Convection Heat loss occurs due to the movement of the air which permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air. This process can be promoted by providing fast air movement around the hen. Conduction Heat transfer from surface to surface. Normally, it is relatively unimportant as the contact [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1483,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-layers"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>House environment - H&amp;N International<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/zh-hant\/house-environment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_TW\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"House environment - H&amp;N International\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hen thermo regulation Convection Heat loss occurs due to the movement of the air which permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air. 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