{"id":399,"date":"2020-09-02T09:33:42","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T09:33:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/?p=399"},"modified":"2021-04-28T14:07:00","modified_gmt":"2021-04-28T14:07:00","slug":"nutrition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/zh-hant\/nutrition\/","title":{"rendered":"Nutrition"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Rearing nutrition<\/h2>\n<h3>Feed description and management<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"padded\">\n<div class=\"col-1-3\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce10\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f1.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"feed\">Starter feed<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"milista\">\n<li><span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;High density&lt;\/strong&gt;: the high density diets are defined by levels of energy above 2850 kilo calories, with levels of crude protein higher than 17% and levels of crude fiber below 3% <\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> High density <\/span> diet with highly digestible raw materials.<\/li>\n<li>Investment that sets up the basis of skeletal and muscular growth of the pullet.<\/li>\n<li>Feed should always be available.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-1-3\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce10\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f2.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Grower feed<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"milista\">\n<li>Medium density diet with more variety of raw materials.<\/li>\n<li>This supports skeletal and muscular growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-1-3\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce10\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f3.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Developer feed<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"milista\">\n<li><span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;Low density&lt;\/strong&gt;: it is a diet with energy below 2750 kilo calories, a crude protein level below 16% and fiber levels above 4% <\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> Low density <\/span> diet with raw materials high in \ufb01bre.<\/li>\n<li>Feed with signi\ufb01cant levels of \ufb01bre or a higher particle size to develop the feed intake for the start of lay.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Changing diets<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Delay a change to the diet if the target body weight is not reached.<\/li>\n<li>If the body weight isn&#8217;t achieved by 5 or 11 weeks of age, there is a need to review the nutrition, density and management in the previous weeks.<\/li>\n<li>If the birds are over the <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/layers\/\">target body weight<\/a>, the change to the next diet can be done a week earlier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"tips\">Formulation tips<\/h3>\n<h4>Starter<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Crumble feed presentation will improve growth and make it easier to reach the standard body weight.<\/li>\n<li>It could be interesting to invest in highlt <span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;Digestible&lt;\/strong&gt;: the fraction of the raw materials that it is absorp by the birds. This concept is mainly used to the amino acids nutrients, the highly digestible raw materials have a digestibility above 85%.<\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> digestible <\/span> raw materials if they are available.<\/li>\n<li>Soya oil or coconut oil are better sources of energy than palm oil: at least during the first three weeks of age.<\/li>\n<li>A minimum of 0.30 % of salt will help to increase feed intake.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Grower<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Transition to mash feed if the starter was crumble feed.<\/li>\n<li>A minimum of 0.28 % of salt will help to have enough feed intake.<\/li>\n<li>A minimum of added fat will reduce the dustiness of the mash feed (1 \u2013 2 % based on cost impact).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Developer<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Transition to mash feed if the starter was crumble feed.<\/li>\n<li><span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;Crude fiber&lt;\/strong&gt;: it is a clasiffication mode of those sugars that aren&#039;t digestible in the bird.<\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> Crude fiber <\/span> level needs to be as high as possible based on the available raw materials (&gt; 3 %, up to 5.5 %).\u00a0 These values can be applied, or even exceeded, as long as they are of good quality.<\/li>\n<li>If the available raw materials don&#8217;t allow you to follow the recommendations below. Your Nutritionist should make a proportionally higher specification and the feed mill needs to make a higher particle size feed to compensate the lack of fibre.<\/li>\n<li>A minimum of added fat will reduce the dustiness of the mash feed (1 \u2013 2 % based on cost impact).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Others<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Calcium particle size in pullet feed should be fine (average 1 mm).<\/li>\n<li>Enzymes: use and effect in the diet should be based on the available substrate in the diet.<\/li>\n<li>Antioxidants: protect <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/late-production-up-to-75-weeks\/#against\">against oxidation<\/a> of the oils in the feed mill and the oxidation of fats and others in the diet.<\/li>\n<li>Organic minerals: provide additional benefits to the existing inorganics and may reduce the inclusion levels of the minerals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"maintenance\">Nutrient requirements<\/h3>\n<h4>Fibre in the diet<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>The feed intake development is one of the key factors for developing a pullet ready to lay. The feed intake capacity is related to the gut size, the addition of fibre in the diet expands the size of the gut and improves the feed intake capacity.<\/li>\n<li>The fibre concept is getting complex in poultry. There is new knowledge showing how different types have a different effect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fibre can be classified like:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>The total dietary fibre (TDF) is a sum of water soluble fibre (WSF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) crude fibre (CF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL).<\/li>\n<li>The addition of certain level of fibres since early ages will support the feed intake capacity (see table 10).<\/li>\n<li>There are several raw materials that can supply the necessary fibre in the diets to develop the feed intake capacity (table 9)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"feedonset\">Onset of lay nutrition<\/h2>\n<p><strong>How to develop feed intake as the bird is growing and laying its first egg<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>Feed description &amp; management<\/h3>\n<div>A transition feed that supports the \ufb01nal development of the pullet and the nutrient need for the start of lay.<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>This feed is recommended to use until you reach 70 % of laying rate and have an increasing feed intake curve.<\/li>\n<li>This feed could be given since week 17 as replacement of the pre-lay.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Nutrient requirements<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The ideal protein pro\ufb01le is the same as in the layer rations.<\/li>\n<li>The vitamins and minerals are the same as in the layer rations.<\/li>\n<li>Crude \ufb01bre: keeping high levels as in the developer feed supports the feed intake development.<\/li>\n<li>Try to have a level minimum of 3.5 % or higher.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Formulation tips<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The addition of fats will give the formulation room for the requested calcium and \ufb01bre.<\/li>\n<li>The 60% of the calcium should be given in coarse calcium form.<\/li>\n<li>A minimum of salt, 0.28 %, will help in the feed intake stimulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"particle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8528 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/table23-2-420x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/table23-2-420x450.png 420w, https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/table23-2.png 556w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"Nutrient_requirements\">Laying nutrition<\/h2>\n<h3>How to feed hens for achieving as many as saleable eggs as possible during the laying period<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"mybox\" class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">\n<div class=\"caja bgb1\">\n<div class=\"titlea center clb6\">FEED DESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT<\/div>\n<p><strong>Type of feed<\/strong> The feed should fulfill the maintenance, growth and production needs. The feed should be adjusted when:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/bird-assessment\/#values\">Egg mass<\/a> changes: DO NOT change amino acids if the % lay drops unless the egg mass (% lay x size egg) is dropping too;<\/li>\n<li>Body weight changes: body weight affects energy needs, around +\/-4 kcal every 50 grams of body weigh change;<\/li>\n<li>Feed intake changes: housing temperature will impact the feed intake. Hot temperature reduces the feed intake and vice versa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce10\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f8.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Feed management on farm<\/h3>\n<p>Due to the variability of the raw materials the nutrient composition of the feed varies, to avoid this challenge we recommend to follow the Chart 1 decision tree:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>40 % in the morning and 60 % in the afternoon (chart 2).<\/li>\n<li>Layer hens should clear all feed left in the feeder during the noon period.<\/li>\n<li>The time at which the feeder is empty depends on the lighting program.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n\t<div class=\"paoc-image-popup\">\r\n\t\t<a class=\"paoc-popup-click paoc-popup-cust-816 paoc-popup-image paoc-popup-image\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"popupaoc-img\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f9.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n\t<div class=\"paoc-image-popup\">\r\n\t\t<a class=\"paoc-popup-click paoc-popup-cust-817 paoc-popup-image paoc-popup-image\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"popupaoc-img\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f9-b.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Nutrients requirements<\/h3>\n<h3>Energy<\/h3>\n<p>The energy recommendation of this guide doesn&#8217;t take into account the effect of the temperature in the needs of the layer hen. It needs additional adjustments by the nutritionist. Most of the energy intake will be used for maintenance. The body weight of the bird drives the energy requirement (see chart 3).<\/p>\n<p>There are different models to approach the energy evaluation, literature references (INRA, FEDNA, NRC . . .) usually in MEn and calculations based on formulas, whereby the different elements of the raw materials are taken into account. Due to the variability of the values given by different systems, the recommendation of energy is defined as a range.<\/p>\n<p>Energy recommendation should be calculated for a specific body weight of the bird and might need adjustments.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"amino\">Amino acids<\/h3>\n<p>Most of the amino acid intake will be used for egg mass production. The egg mass, % lay x egg size, drives the amino acid needs (chart 4)<\/p>\n<p>Working with digestible AA is highly recommended when low digestible raw materials are used in the diet.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n\t<div class=\"paoc-image-popup\">\r\n\t\t<a class=\"paoc-popup-click paoc-popup-cust-824 paoc-popup-image paoc-popup-image\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"popupaoc-img\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f10.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"col\"><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Formulation Tips<\/h3>\n<h4>Crude Protein<\/h4>\n<p>Using the minimum amount of crude protein is recommended if there is limited information in nutrition about the raw materials.<\/p>\n<h4>Fat<\/h4>\n<p>Added fat will reduce the dustiness of mash feed (1 \u2013 2 % based on cost impact).<\/p>\n<h4>Ca\/P balance<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li>Levels of Ca and P must be adapted as the layer hen gets older.<\/li>\n<li>An excess or deficiency of P can cause eggshell issues in the short or long term.<\/li>\n<li>Coarse limestone is necessary for eggshell quality. It can be replaced in part by oyster shells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Others<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n<li><strong>Enzymes:<\/strong> use and e\ufb00ect in the diet should be based on the available raw materials in the diet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Antioxidants:<\/strong> protect against oxidation of the oils in the feed mill and the oxidation of fats and others in the diet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Organic minerals:<\/strong> provide additional bene\ufb01ts to the existing inorganics and may reduce the inclusion levels of the minerals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Feed Structure<\/h2>\n<p>Mash feed is the most commonly used feed throughout the world. Layer hens tend to eat the larger particles avoiding the fine particle s which is where most of the key nutrients are. Therefore, it is vital for successful nutrition to have a uniform particle structure. It is even more important in non-beak treated birds. Crumble and pellet forms can be used as long as the structure holds in the feeding system of the birds and it doesn&#8217;t become a fine particle mash.<\/p>\n<p><!--\n\n&nbsp;\n\n\n<div id=\"mybox\" class=\"row narrow\">\n\n\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n\n\n<div class=\"col\">\n\n\n<div class=\"caja bgb1\">\n\n\n<h3 class=\"subtitle1 center\">Key points of the uniformity in mash diets<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"smtxt mt1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\n \t\n\n<li>Grinding of the raw materials<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>Particle size of the protein sources<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>Addition of liquids like oil that reduces the dustiness of feed<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>Reduction of fine particle raw materials _A good feed structure is even more important with non beak treated birds.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>See table 25 and 26 for guidelines<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n--><\/p>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\n<div class=\"narrow\">\r\n\t<div class=\"paoc-image-popup\">\r\n\t\t<a class=\"paoc-popup-click paoc-popup-cust-844 paoc-popup-image paoc-popup-image\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"popupaoc-img\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f16.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"centrarimg imgwp reduce30\" src=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/chickipediamedia\/layers\/nutrition\/f17.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Feed Quality<\/h2>\n<h3>Nutrients<\/h3>\n<p>Good information is needed to formulate a realistic diet. A combination of available literature, wet chemistry methods and\/or<\/p>\n<div><span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;NIR&lt;\/strong&gt;:near infra red technology allows a quick evaluation of the nutrients composition of the raw material. Very useful information when we want to make a diet<\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> NIR <\/span><\/div>\n<p>is necessary to generate an updated matrix of the raw materials we use.<\/p>\n<h3>Microbiology<\/h3>\n<p>There are no specific <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/late-production-up-to-75-weeks\/#quality\">guidelines<\/a> in place, however the lower the contamination, the better the performance parameters. Ensure adequate control measures are in place to prevent microbiological risk factors in the diet.<\/p>\n<h3>Oxidation<\/h3>\n<p>Oils in the feed mill and fat in the diet are the commonest components of oxidation. The quality control plan of raw materials should include analysis of the <a href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/late-production-up-to-75-weeks\/#Oxidative\">oxidation<\/a> status of oils, evaluating at least two parameters of the available methods.<\/p>\n<h3>Mycotoxins<\/h3>\n<p>Follow the guidelines available in your country and literature to prevent negative effects on layer hen health and production. Adapt the use of mycotoxin binders to suit the level of risk in the diet and the contamination load in the raw materials.<\/p>\n<h3>Antinutritional factor<\/h3>\n<p>Good understanding of the <span data-cmtooltip=\"<div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;Antinutritional factors&lt;\/strong&gt;: the raw materials have components that reduce the digestibility of the nutrients. There most well known is the phytic acid that can blocked the absortion of several nutrients. There are others in the soya like conglicinine that block the activity of the proteases of the digestive system, reducing the absorption of the amino acids.<\/div>\" class=\"glossaryLink\"> antinutritional factors <\/span> will allow higher or lower inclusion levels of the raw materials.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rearing nutrition Feed description and management Starter feed diet with highly digestible raw materials. Investment that sets up the basis of skeletal and muscular growth of the pullet. Feed should always be available. Grower feed Medium density diet with more variety of raw materials. This supports skeletal and muscular growth. Developer feed diet with raw [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1483,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-layers"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nutrition - H&amp;N International<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hn-int.codiantwp.com\/zh-hant\/nutrition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_TW\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nutrition - H&amp;N International\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rearing nutrition Feed description and management Starter feed diet with highly digestible raw materials. 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